PSG has now won the prestigious trophy on 14 different occasions.
Paris Saint-Germain required a dramatic leveler followed by a successful spot-kick decider to overcome their arch-rivals in the Gulf and secure a fourth straight French Super Cup victory.
The Champions League holders appeared to be coasting towards a straightforward triumph in the showdown between the Ligue 1 winners and the French Cup winners after the French winger opened the scoring early on.
However, Marseille fired twice in the closing moments to seize a surprise lead. First, Mason Greenwood converted from the penalty spot, before the defender unfortunately directed the ball into his own net for an own goal.
In a breathtaking twist of events, the Portuguese striker grabbed a vital equaliser in the final moments to force the match into a penalty shootout. The Parisian shot-stopper Chevalier then emerged as the hero, stopping crucial attempts from O'Riley and Traore.
In the shootout, Goncalo Ramos, Vitinha, the full-back, and the young talent all scored successfully for Paris Saint-Germain to seal a convincing penalty victory.
The record winners PSG, who met last season's Ligue 1 runners-up Marseille after achieving a domestic double, have now won this trophy for the twelfth time in the last 13 seasons.